ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

June 22, 2007 at 7:30 pm | In New Book | Leave a Comment

SOMALIA – Past & Present

Somalia is in the news again but as in the past for the wrong reasons. The world has been forewarned the country is threaded with the prospect of a devastating famine and unless it soon comes to its assistance the famine may claim the lives of hundreds of thousands of unfortunate Somalis. The country has been devastated by internecine factional wars for more than a decade and a half. One wonders how this country so well endowed by nature with rich resources came to its present state of utter poverty and degredation. Why its problems do not appear to be ending.

I thank God that I was born as a Somali. I am proud to be a Somali. I cannot even think of belonging to any other country than my beloved Somalia. Home is always “sweet home”. As it is said “East or West Home is Always the Best.” .
“So, Verily, With every difficulty, there is relief,
Verily, with every difficulty there is relief”

Against all odds, I proudly represented Somalia in different capacities in many parts of the world. As its hunmble servant, I had proudly held its flag high. This could have not been possible without the encouragement and support of good friends around the world. I would heartily like to express my gratitude to all of them.

The young generation of Somalis must know the long history of their country’s trials and tribulations. It is only through an understanding of that history that they would acquire the capacity to frustrate and defeat the enemies of their beloved motherland and take her to the glorious height of peace and proserity as a proud and respected member of the international community. Somalia does not covet an inch of territory of any other country but only wants all its children in various parts of its territories under foreign domination to be free and to be united under a single flag. It is with this specific purpose I have written this book.

Many friends have helped me in the preparation of this. It is not possible here to thank all of them individually. I sincereky thank all of them. My special thanks are due to my family members: my wife Mana Moallim Ibrahim, and my children Jeylani, Ali, Abdullahi, Osman, Ibrahim, Amina and Halima and their espouses as well as other relatives for their understanding and support without which it would have been hard even to retain my mental peace much less to write this book. My greetings to my grand-children who are a source of joy and happiness and I pray for them a joyous and prosperous future.

MOHAMED OSMAN OMAR

“Isku Af-Soomaali ma nihin”…!!

June 22, 2007 at 7:29 pm | In maqal | Leave a Comment
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Sheekaba Sheeko ayay keentaaye, dabayaaqadii sannadkii 1977-kii, ayaynu meel ku wada sugnayn, annaga oo isugu jirnay rag koox ah; kala da’, waaya-aragnimo iyo heer aqooneedba kala duwanayn, deegaanno kala geddisanna ka soo kala jeednay. Doodo xagga Siyaasadda, Bulshada iyo Dhaqanka Soomaaliyeed ah ayaa badanaaba na dhex-mari jiray, goortii aannu firaaqo isu helnaba.

Maalin maalmaha ka mid ah, ayaa iyadoo aannu dooddii ku dhex-jirno, ayuu ruux saaxiibbada ka mid ahaa -si ay wax ka noqdeen ma ogiye- wuxuu la soo booday oo igu yiri:” War Adigu Af-Soomaali ma taqaannid..”!!!. Waxaa laga yaabaa in ereyadii aan ku hadlayay qaarkood, uu isaguna si u qaatay, aniguna aan si kale ula jeeday, ama aan ku dhawaaqay kalmado aan laga isticmaalin gobolkii iyo deegaannadii uu ka yimid.

Ninkaas isaga ah, inkastoo uusan markaas ahayn ruux da’ yar, haddana heerka aqoontiisa iyo waxbarashadiisuba, ma ayan dhaafsiisnayn “Shahaaddada Dugsiga Dhexe ee Waxbarashada dadka waaweyn”. Shakhsi-ahaan wuxuu ahaa ruux aad u fudud, aanna ka fiirsan erayada uu ku hadlayo. Wuxuu badanaa ka mid ahaa dadka ka qoomameeya wixii ay ku hadleen, ee yiraahda:- ” Sidaas ulama jeedin”, ” Carrabkaa iga soo boobay erayga”, ” Sidaas kama wadin” iwm. Hadalna wuxuu ammaan yahay inta aadan oran, Afka hadduu ka soo baxo, adigu ma arrimisid. Waxaa kaloo la yiraahdaa:” Inta aadan falin ka fiirso”. Murti kale ayaa iyaduna ahayd:” Carrabka ruuxa garashada yari, caqligiisuu ka soo horreeyaa”…!!!.

Intii aanan xaggiisa u soo jeesan, oo u jawaabin ninkaas fududaaday, ayaa waxaa ay kaga dhegtay, oo dhibsaday erayadiisaas aan laga fiirsan, nin kale oo isagana saxiibbaday ka mid ahaa, dooddana ka qayb-qaadanayay. Waa nin aqoon, waaya-aragnimo iyo masuuliyad ahaanba aad uga sarreeyay saaxiibkaas hore. Wuxuu ninkani ka soo shaqeeyay oo Macallin iyo Maamule-dugsiba ka soo noqday inta badan Gobollada dalka, isaga oo markiisii horana wax ku soo bartay gudaha iyo dibaddaba, bulshooyin badanna la soo dhaqmay.

Wuxuu u jawaabay oo ku yiri Saaxiibkii simbiririxday:-” “Hebelow, ha dhihin dadka Af-Soomaali ma taqaannid” ee waxaad tiraahdaa:” Isku Af-Soomaali ma nihin”( ahin ); waayo, waxaa kala geddisan deegaannada aad ka soo kala jeeddaan iyo dhaqan-bulshadeedkiinna. Wuxuu Saaxiibkay intaas raaciyay oo yiri:- ” Isagu wuxuu ka dhashay, ka soo jeedaa, aanna filayaa inuu ku soo dhex-ababay Agagaarka Webiyada Jubba iyo Shabeelle iyo bulsho Beeralay ah oo Soomaaliyeed dhexdood, kuwaas oo leh erayadooda gaarka ah, hab-dhaqankooda iyo deegaan-bulsheedkooda u goonnida ah”.

” Adigu waxaad ka soo jeeddaa, kuna soo dhex-barbaartay -sida ay ila tahay- deegaan iyo bulsho Xoolalay ah, oo weliba reer-guuraa ah dhexdood; sidaas darteed, erayada meelihiinnaas laga isticmaalo ayaanan agagaarka webiyada laga aqoon, sida erayo deegaannadan looga adeegto aanan miyigaas looga baran, ama micna kale ku leh”.

Kulligeen Soomaali ayaynu wada nahay, Carriga aannu degganahay, Ciidda iyo Calanka ayaa naga dhexeeya. Mar haddii aannu ku wada dhalannay, barbaarnay, wada deggannnahay, dhaqaale-ahaanna isku xiran-nahay oo aaynaan kala maarmayn Waddanka ayaa isku-keen xiraya, laakin xoogaa dhaqanno kala geddisan oo Xoolalaynimo, Beeralaynimo, Kalluumaysatanimo, Reer-magaalnimo, Reer-miyinimo iwm. ayaannu kala leennahay; lahjado faracyo ah oo ku wada aroora “Af-Soomaali”( Maay iyo Maxaa-tiri ) ama “Waaye iyo Weeye” ayaannu ku kala hadalnaa. Sidaas darteed, ma aha in aynu is-niraah:- ” Af-Soomaali ma taqaannid”, sida ay qaarkeen la soo boodaan, waxaanse is-dhihi karnaa:” Isku Af-Soomaali ma nihin”, oo loola jeedo “isku-si uguma dhawaaqno erayada qaarkood”, deegaannada iyo hab-dhaqanka bulsho ee kala geddisanna waxay keeni karaan shakhsiyaad feker iyo Seykoloji ahaanba kala goonni ah.

Waa in deegaan kasta oo Soomaaliyeed dadka ku nool ee ku abtirsada lagu qaddariyaa deegaankooda, hab-dhaqankooda, qaabka-dhaqaalahooda, lahjaddooda iyo guud ahaanba sida uu Alla u dhigay.

Deegaannada Soomaaliyeed qaarkood dadka ku dhaqan ayaa waxay aaminsan yihiin inay iyagu Soomaalida kale ka hadal wanaagsan yihiin, ka-asalsan yihiin oo weliba ka dhaqan iyo dhogor wacan yihiin, taas oo ah aragti marin-habowsan . Diinteennu waxay na baysaa :- ” Sida loo kala karaama badan yahay, waa sida loo kala Alla-cabsi badan yahay, loona cibaadaysto”.” Dadka waxaa ugu khayr badan, kan ugu wax-tar badan ee u adeega dadka kale”.” Ilaahey ma eego dadka suuraddooda iyo jirkooda, laakin wuxuu eegaa quluubtooda iyo camalkooda”. “Dadku waxay asal-ahaan u siman yihiin sida ilkaha Shanlada”.iwm.

Isla-weynida ku jirta Soomaalida qaarkeed, waxay ka mid tahay sababaha aynu la saldhigan la’-nahay muddada intaas la eg. Xikmad ayaa waxay tiraahdaa:” Ruuxa isla-weyni, waa sida ruux buur dheer dusheeda saaran oo kale; kaas oo isaga ay ugu muuqdaan dadka dhulka hoose jooga inay yar-yar yihiin, iyaguna waxay isagaas buurta dul-saaran u arkaan inuu iyaga ka yar yahay”. Soomaalida ayaa iyaguna yiraahda:” Sida aad isu-taqaan ma ahee, waa sida laguu yaqaan”.” Faanaa Fallar buu dhiman yahay” iwm.

Sidaas darteed, dadka Soomaaliyeed ee walaalaha ahi waa inayan hoos isu eegin oo is-quursan, dhan kastoo ay noqotaba( Siyaasad, Dhaqaale, Bulsho, Dhaqan, Ciidan, Lahjad, dadnimo iwm.). Waa in loo wada hoggaansamaa “Sinnaanta Ijtimaaciga ah” iyo inuu qof kastaa ku dhashay sagaal bilood. Kala geddisnaanta xagga hadalka, qaabka iyo midabkaba waa xikmad Allah. Aynu isku-qaddarinno Alla-ka-cabsiga, Aqoonta, Akhlaaqda ,Waddaniyadda, Wax-soo-saarka, U-adeegidda dalka iyo dadka iwm. sida Ummadaha horumaray.

Halgankii Loo Soo Maray Curinta Qaranimada Soomaaliyeed

June 22, 2007 at 7:28 pm | In somali | Leave a Comment

Qarandunkii 1aad

Soomaalidu waxey u soo martay jiritaankeeda jid dheer oo dhiig badan ku daatay. Waxaa la aaminsan yahay in Faraaciintii asalkeedi hore
ay ka soo jeedey dhinaca Soomaalida. Soomaaliduna waxey waqtigaas ka mid ahayd qowmiyadihii safka hore kaga jirey aduunka. Webiga
Nile wuxuu ahaa jidka keliya ee isku xir jirey Soomaalida iyo Masaarida. Dhulka buuraleydaa ee afka webiga Nile uu ku yaal ayaa degaan u
ahayd Soomaalida, waxeyna boqortooyo xoogan ku lahayeen degaankaas, waxaana xaruun u ahayd degaanka loo yaqaan Shewa oo
markaas aysan Addis Sababa aysan ku jirin. Waxaa degaanada ku teedsan buuraleydaas oo ku kala noolaa qowmiyadaha Soomaalida,
Oromada, Amxaarada, iyo Danaakiisha (gaalla), waxeyna dadkaasi ahayeen kuwo aan kala tiro badneyn.

Waxaa soo can baxay boqortooyadii Amxaarada oo dhamaadkii waqtigii faraciinta bilaawday iney sameystaan xiriir aqoon kororsi ah ee la
yeesheen dowladihii boqortooyadihii markaas jiray. Sidaasna Amxaaradu waxey xagga aqoonta iyo farsamada kaga hormartay
qowmiyaadkii kale oo iyagu aan dadaal u gelin la socodka aduunka kale inta ku dhow moyaane. Markii Amxaaradu u talaabtay dhinaca
Dhulalka Carabta waxey ka heshay aqoonsi, waxaana loo bixiyey magaca Xabashida, sidoo kale markii ay la kulmeen badmareenada reer
Yurub h oo markaas u badnaayeenGreek, waxey ka kasbadeen magaca Ethiopia oo la macna ah “Wejigii Gubtey”, sheekooyinkoodana
waxey gaaartey Yurub.

Xiriirkii ay la yeesheen dadka ku nool aduunka kale waxey Amxaarada ku soo kordisey xeelado dagaal, sameynta qalabka dagaalka iyo
adeegsiga fardaha oo loo isticmaalayo gaadiid ahaan. Markii tayadii Amxaarada ay kor u kacday ayey bilowday iney dhulka buuraleydaa oo
dhan u taliso, waxeyna bilowday in ay qowmiyaadka kale ay dulaan ku sikiso oo ay ku shubto dhulka hoose oo kuleylka badan. Qowmiyadihii
kale waxey bilaabeen iney ka sikadaan sida Danaakiisha, qaarna ay ogoladaan xukunka Amxaarada sida Oromada, qaarna waxey goosteen
iney la dagaalamaan sida Soomaalida.

Boqortooyadii Xabashida ee Axzum, jirteyna 250 sanno ka hor dhalashadii Diinta Kirishtaanka waxey xiriir xoogan la lahyd Greek oo ahayd
xilgaas dowlada ugu xoog iyo aqoonba sareysay Yurub, waxeyna si joogta ah uga heli jirtey hubka iyo saanada waqtigaas dagaalka loo
adeegsan jirey. Soomaalida oo qalabka dagaalka looga awood roonaa waxaa lagu qasbay in lagu soo riixo dhinaca Shewa, halkaasna lagu
soo aruuriyey xoogooda.

Qarniyaal kadib dagaalo socdey waxey Xabashidu ku guuleysatay iney burburiyaan boqrtooyadii Soomaalida waxayna ay noqdeen wax u
cararay xeebaha Soomaalida, degaankii Shewa ku dhowaa ee Harar, iyo qaar u galay degaanka Oromada oo qowmiyadaas ku biiray
ogolaadeyna Xukunkii Amxaarada.

Xiriirka u dhexeeyey Amxaarada iyo Greek oo aad u qoto dheeraa ayaa wuxuu sababay in Amxaaradu ay qaadato diinta Masiixiga, oo ahayd
Orthodox. Amxaaradu waxey ahayd dadkii ugu horeyey dadka Afrika oo qaatay diinta Kirishtaanka, waxeyna taas u keentay in laga qadariyo
wadamada Yurub. Boqortooyadii Xabashida oo aad isku mahdisay ayaa waxey qorshe la gaartey Yurub si dhulka siman ee Soomaalidu
xoolaha ku dhaqato ilaa xeebaha Soomaalida ay ka mid noqdaan boqortooyada Xabashida. Xilligaas waxaa Yurub looga adkaaday Greek,
waxaana soo baxday boqortooyadii xooga weyneed ee Roomaanka oo waqtigeedii u dambeeyey la saan qaadey dhalashadii diinta
Kirishtaanka. Boqortooyadii Roomaanka waxaa Greek dhexmaray dagaalo qaraar, iyada ayaana dumisey boqortooyadii Greek, mana aysan
ahayn mid soo dhaweysey diinta Kiristaanka oo Nebi Ciise iyadaa surtay iskutilaabta ama macatabka oo uga tegey aduunka. Xabashida
xiligaas waxaa soo foodsaaray cabsi, waxaana meesha ka baxay kaalmadii ay ka heli jirtey Greek oo Yurub looga awood roonaaday,
dalkeedina la qabsaday. Halkaasna waxaa ku damey dulaankii iyo damacii Xabashida ay ku qorsheyneysey iney ku qabsato dhamaan dhulka
Soomaalida.

Soomaalidii ku soo qaxday Harar iyo kuwii horay u joogey waxey degaankaas ka abuurteen xukuumad awood yar, waxeyna ku galeen
tabaasheyn, iyo is urursi qaatay qarniyaal. Waxey soomaalidu qaadatay Diinta Islaamka qarnigii 7aad, waxeyna heshay afkaaro cusub,
xilado dagaal iyo kaalmo uga yimid wadamada Islaamka, gaar ahaan kuwa Carabta, Persia, iyo Turkey. Soomaalida oo ka soo kabatay
firxadkii iyo jabkii ay u geysatay Amxaarada kumanaan sanno ka hor ayaa intii ku hartay degaankii Shewa iyo Harar waxey sannadkii 1528
mar labaad dagaal culus la galeen Boqortooyadii xabashida. Dagaalkaas waxaa hogaaminayey halyeygii Axmed Ibraahim Gurey oo 15 sanno
Xabashida dagaal kula jirey, burburiyeyna awoodii boqortooyada Xabashida ilaa ay ka codsadaan ciidan shisheeye oo uga yimid Purtaqiiska,
Griik iyo wadama kale oo Yurub iyagoo wata madaafiic iyo hubka qarxa oo kala du-duwan.Wixii dagaaladaas ka dambeeyey Xabashidu af ka
hadal mooye waa ayey joojisey dulaankii ay ku fidsaneysay dhulka. Boqoorkii Menelik II oo Etoopiya xukumayey inta u dhexeysa 1868
ilaa1913 oo la socdey waraka Yurub ayaa markii uu arkay in dhulka Soomaalida Yurub ay kala boobeyso ayuu weerar ku qabsaday degaankii
Harar sannadkii 1890s.

Qarandunkii 2aad

Markii Soomaalidu ay ka soo jabtay dhulka buuraleydaa ee webiga Nile soona degtey xeebaha Zeylac ilaa Kismaayo, ayaa Masaaridii hore
waxey u bixisay dhulka Soomaalida dhulkii dadka madow ee Berber. Soomaalida inteeda badan waxey ku noolaayeen dhulka gudaha ah,
degaanka xeebuhuna wuxuu u badnaa dhul banana oo aan sidaas loo degganeyn. Qarnigii 7aad ayaa Soomaalida waxaa diinta soo
gaarsiiyey wadaado Carbeed oo ka soo baxsaday cadaadiskii ay ku hayeen qabaa’ilada Carabta waaweyn oo ka soo horjeedey diinta
Islaamka oo lid ku ahayd dhaqankooda. Diinta Islaamka ayaa si fudud ugu fidday dhamaan dhulka Soomaaliyeed oo baaxad ahaan aad u
balaarnaa. Wadaadadaas yimid ka sokow xiriirka Carabta iyo Soomaalida ma hayn mid isaqoonsi jid u furay, wixii mararkaas ka dambeeyey
Soomaalida degta xeebta iyo badmareenada Carabta waxaa u dhexeeyey dhaqanka Islaamka oo u badnaa dhaqanka Carabta, waxeyna
Soomaalida kala kulmeen soo dhaweyn. Carabta waxey daneyneysay ganacsi iyo iney xeebaha Soomaaliyeed ka dhigato meel ay ku soo
xirtaan marakiibtoodu. Waxey kaloo daneynayeen dadka madow oo ay adoon ahaan ay uga ganacsadaan. Soomaalidu marna ma jecleyn in
Carabta ay is dhexgalaan oo ay wadaagaan guur ama ay wada degaan.

Waxaa qarnigii 7aad dalka soo galay qaxooti ka yimid dhinaca Yemen, xeebaha Bari ee Soomaalidana ka abuurtay xukuumad uu ka taliyo
Suldaan. Waxaana qarnigii 17aad qabsaday boqortooyadii Cumaan ee ka jirtay Muscat oo ku taal qaliijka Carabta. Sannadkii 1866 ayaa
maamulkaas waxaa dib u qabsaday Boqortooyada Zanzibaar oo ka soo go’day Boqortooyada Cumaan. Wadanka Cumaan waxey
qaranimadiisu bilaabtay 661, waxeyna xukunka islaamka ku biirtay 697 oo ay ahayd wadan madax banana oo Caraba.Wixii ka dambeeyey
sannadkii1744 boqortooyadii Cumaan waxey ku fidday Khaliijka Carabta iyo Peershiya, Pakistaan iyo geeska Afrika ilaa Zanzibaar. Markii uu
geeriyoodey Suldaan Saciid bin Suldan Al-Busaid sannadkii 1856 ayeey wilashiisa ku dagaalameen dhaxaltooyada, waxeyna u kala jabeen
laba qeybood. Carqaldaas ay ku kala qeybsameen darted baa markuu Sannadku ahaa 1861 ayaa qeyb xukunka ka mid ah waxay noqdeen
qeyb ka go’day xukunkaas waxayna ka taliyeen Zanzibaar iyo xeebta bariga Soomaalida.

Bortuqiiska oo sahan ku ahaa helida dalka India ayey maraakiibtiisu si joogtaa ugu xiran jireen xeebaha Koofurta Soomaalida, wuxuuna
magacaabay magaalooyinka Mugadishu, Merca, iyo Brava, oo uu ka sameystay degaano qarniyadii 15aad iyo 16aad. Inkastoo ujeedadiisu
ahayd mariin uu u helo maraakiibtiisa ganacsiga haddana wuxuu magaalooyinkaas iyo xeebaha ku dhowaa ka sameeyey qalcado, wuxuuna
ku soo rogey xukunkiisa ilaa ay ka qabsadaan boqortooyadii Cumaaniyiinta ee ka talineysay Zanzibaar.

Waxaa xeebaha Soomaaliyeed ee Zaylac iyo kuwa kale oo ku teedsan Badda Cas, iyo koofurta xeebaha ku yaal sida Kismaayo ay gacanta u
gashay Xunkii Masaarida, waxeyna xeebahaas ka talinayeen laga soo bilaabo 1875 ilaa 1887. Awooda Masaarida waxaa waqtigaas wiiqay
dagaalkii Mahdiyiinta oo kaga furnaa dalka Suudaan. Wadanka Masar taariikh ahaan waxaa soo xukumay dowlado xoog weyn oo reer
Masara ah, kuwaas oo jirey 3200 ka hore dhalashadii diinta Kirshtaanka, dabadeedna waxaa qabsaday Pershiya (Iran) sannadkii 525
dhalashada Kirishtaanka ka hore, waxaana ka sii qabsaday Greek sannadkii 332 dhalashada Kirishtaanka ka hore, sannadkii 51 dhalashada
Kiristaanka ayaa waxaa qabsaday Roomaanka.Masaaridu sannadkii 636 ayaa lagu daray xukunka Islaamka, lana baray afka Carabiga,
waxeyna noqotay dowlad Carbeed oo madax banana sannadkii 878. Sannadkii 1517 ayey ka mid noqotay xukunkii Cusmaaniyiinta ee Khaliif
Cusmaan oo ka soo jeedey waddanka Turkiga. Waxeyna Masar gacanta u gashay Ingriiska sannadkii 1882. Kadibna wuxuuna Ingriisku
boqortooyadii Cusmaaniyiinta dumiyey sannadkii 1914, wuxuuna maser ka sameeyey boqortooyo hirgashay sannadkii 1922.

Dalka Turkiga oo ay ka soo jeedeen Cusmaaniyiinta taariikh ahaan waxaa soo xukumay Greek inta u dhexeysey 200-1200 BC, waxaana
xukunka ka qabsaday Pershiya inta u dhexeysey 546-334 BC, dabadeedna waxaa qabsaday Roomaanka sannadkii 133 BC. Burburkii
Romaanka kadib reer Turkiya waxey isku xukumayeen hab qabiil. Dabadeed sannadkii 1243 waxaa qabsaday Mongoils, waxaana ka
qabsaday xukuumadii islaamka ee boqortooyadii la magacbaxday Cusmaaniyiinta. Boqortooyadaas Islaamka waxey ka qeyb gashay
dagaalkii kowaad ee adduunka, waxeyna xulafo ahaan la barbar safatay Germany. Markii looga adkaaday xulafadaas dagaalka ayey
burburtay boqortooyadaas oo dalalkii ay xukumeysay oo dhan sida Masar waxaa la wareegey xulufadii ku adkaatay dagaalkii Kowaad ee
Adduunka.

Inkastoo Soomaalida xiligaas u ku riyaaqeen jiritaanka madaxbanaanideeda oo intooda badan aysanba war ka hayn in xeebahooda ay
xukuumado Carbeed ka talinayaan, haddana dowladahaas Carabeed Soomaalida kulama dhaqmeyn qaab isticmaar ku dhisan oo waxey ku
ekaayeen xeebaha oo ay ku ilaalsanayeen danahooda ku dhisan ganacsiga maraakiibta. Soomaalidu oo dhaqan ahaan aad uga duwnaa
carabta ayaa markii ay xiriir ganacsi dhexmaray waxay Soomaalida u soo horseedeen habka qabaliyadda oo waayihii danbe Soomaalidu
qeybiyey cududooda. Carabtu waxay kaloo Soomaalidu u horseedeen marin ay soo maraan Gumeysigii Yurub. Wadamada Carabta ka hor
Soomaalidu waa isku duubneyd, dulaankana wadajir ayey u wada qaadi jireen sida kii Gaalkacyo looga kiciyey Gaallaha ama kii lagu qaaday
Booranta ee ka dhacay Baali iyo Sidaamo. Soomaalida waxaa ku dhacay jabkii labaad markii ay soo baxeen qabiilo bilaabay iney ku
abtirsadaan Carabta, qaarka kalana ay isdifaacid u galeen sinji Afrikaan ah, qaarna ay ku dadaaleen iney isir la wadagaan cadowgii
Soomaaliyeed ee Xabashida.Waxaa intaas ka darneyd markii Soomaalida qabiil walba uu iskiis u sameystay boqortooyo u gooniya, taasna
ay kaga daydeen dhaqanka Carabta oo dhul walba oo yar uu ka talinayey suldaano isku wada heyb ah.

Wadamadii Islaamka ee xukumayey xeebaha Soomaaliyeed waxey heshiis la galeen dowladihii Yurub, sidaas ayey Masar ugu wareejisey
Ingriiska xeebihii Soomaaliyeed oo ay xukumeysay, sidoo kale Boqortooyadii Zanzibaar waxey talyaaniga gacanta u gelisay xeebihii ay ka
talineysay. Soomaalidu wax war ah kama aysan haynin gacan is weydaarsigaas xeebahooda lagu milki wareejinayey, mana jirin wax dagaal
ah oo Carabtaas ay la galeen gumeysteyaashaas reer Yurub ineysan qabsan Xeebahaas Soomaaliya.

Qarandunkii 3aad

British oo daneynayey inuu helo mariin nabadeed ee uu u maro Asia ayaa bilaabay markuu sandku ahaa1840 inuu heshiis la galo Suldaankii
Tajura ee xeebaha Soomaalida Djibouti, ka dibna wuxuu heshiis la galay madaxdii qabiilada Soomaaliyeed ee degeneyd xeebaha waqooyiga
Soomaliyeed sannadkii 1886 isagoo u ballan qaaday inuu dadkaas damaanad gelinayo oo uu wakiil uga noqonayo aduunka kale si ay uga
badbaadiyo cid kale oo qabsata. Ingriiska wax mariin ka baxasn ujeedadiisu ma ahayn, wuxuuna doonayey inuu India uga soo gudbo
kanaalka Suez. Waxey ahayd shirkadii loo yaqaaney The British East India Company oo ku qasabtay Ingriiska iney u sameyso dekedo ku
yaala xeebaha waqooyi ee Soomaalida oo ay shuruud la’aan uga sameystaan meelo ay ku xirtaan, kana helaan sahayda cuntada iyo
keydad kale. Ingriisku wax dan ah kama lahayn Soomaalida iyo ismaamulka gudaheeda. Waxaa dareenka Ingriiska soo jiitey waa halgankii
dheeraa oo uu halyeygii Sayid Maxamed Cabdulle Xasan uu la galay Ingriiska. Halgankii Darawiishta ayaa cagta mariyey Ciidamadii badda
iyo dhulka ee uu lahaa Ingriisku, markaas ka dib waxey Ingriiska ku qasabtay inuu u soo jeesto guddaha Soomaalida, wuxuuna Ingriisku go’
aansaday inuu dayaaradihii ka soo laabtay dagaalkii 1aad ee aduunka sannadkii 1919 oo ahaa DH9 inuu ku weeraro Daraawiishta isagoo
Sayidku ugu yeeray “Mad Mullah” wadaadkii waalnaa, wuxuuna qorshahaas fuliyey January 21th, 1921 oo uu ku burburiyey xaruuntii ugu
weyneed ee Taleex. Jebinta Daraawiishta Sayidka ma ahayn oo keliya dayaaradihii Ingriiska, ee waxaa horey xoogiisii u wiiqay dagaaldii
sokeeye ee uu ku dhisnaa qabiilka ee uu la galay qabaailkii deggenaa waqooyi iyo waqooyi -bari Soomaaliya. Ingriisku markaas wixii ka
dambeeyey wuxuu u soo jeestey inuu gumeysto Soomaalida ku nool Waqooyiga.

Talyaaniga ayaa gacan ka helay Suldaanka Zanzibaar oo xiriir ganacsi uu horay u dhex maray, waxeyna boqortooyadaas ay ku wareejisay
Talyaaniga sannadkii 1885 xeebaha koofurta Soomaaliya, sidoo kale talyaanigu sannadkii 1889 wuxuu heshiis la galay boqortooyadii
Majeerteenka oo ogolaatay iney hoos timado maxmiyada Talyaaniga oo u balan qaaday hanti, hub iyo inuu kor ka difaaco. Sannadkii 1897
ayuu Talyaanigu la galay heshiis Xabashida iyo Ingriiska, kaas oo qeexayey sameynta sohdin u dhaxeysa dhulalka Soomaalida iyo Ethiopia.
Talyaaniga oo Soomaalida u soo aadey inuu lacag ka sameeyo dhul beereedka hodanka ah Soomaalida ee ku dhow labada webi ee
Shabeele iyo Juba ayaa Ingriiska dagaalkii 1aad kadib abaal marin ahaan kaga codsadey in Dhulka Soomaaliyeed ee ka shisheeya webiga
Juba uu ku soo wareejiyo si Talyaaniga oo faqri ahaa uu halkaas uga helo cunto uga soo baxda beerahaas.

Talyaaniga waxaa sannadkii 1924 lagu wareejieyey Jubada hoose oo markaas ka tirsaneyd maxmiyada Ingriiska uu ku hayey Kenya. ayuu .
1925 ayaa Talyaanigu burburiyey Boqortooyadii Majeerteenka. Talyaanigu wuxaana dadkii la shaqeeyey ku abaalmariyey inuu u soo
masafuriyo magaalada Kismaayo sannadku markii uu ahaa 1927. Talyaaniga ayaa wuxuu bilaabay inuu madaxdii qabiilada Soomaaliyeed oo
ugu yeeri jiray “Capo Cabilla”ayuu laaluushay una qoray lacag iyo hub si uu u dego gudaha Soomaaliya. Wuxuu hub iyo lacag siiyey
boqortooyadii ka jirtey Waqooyi Bariga Soomaaliya si ay u wiiqaan halgankii uu Sayidku waday inta uusan burburin boqortooyadaas. Sidoo
kale wuxuu Cabsi weyn ka qabey Soomaalida degta Gobolada dhexe oo uu u arkayey kuwo ay ku dheertahay wadaniyadda, wuxuuna
doonayey inuu dareenkooda ka jeediyo tacadi faraha badanaa oo Talyaanigu ka waday koonfurta Soomaaliya. Wuxuu ogaa ineysan
Soomaalidu jecleyn xabashida, isagana waxaa ku jirey damaci uu ku doonayey inuu ku qabsado Ethiopia. Talyaanigu wuxuu gobolada dhexe
la yimid siyaasad dabacsan oo ka duwan tan ka jirtey koofurta Soomaaliya, wuxuu ka sameystay gobolada dhexe xaruumo ciidan, wuxuuna
ka qortay ciidan gaaraya ilaa 60 kun oo uu lacag iyo darajaba siiyey. Wuxuuna ciidankaas horjoogeyaal uga dhigay saraakiil yar oo Talyaani
ah. Xilligaas sarkiil Talyaniya ayaa lagu diley gobolada dhexe laakiin Talyaanigu kama qaadiin wax tilaabo ah. Inkastoo Talyaaniga ugu
xanuun badnaa sarkaal sare oo Soomaalidu uga dishey degmada Ceel Buur.15kii Janaayo 1935 ayuu Talyaanigu duulaan ku qabsaday
Ethiopia iyadoo Soomaalidii badankood laga dhigay wax dagaalkii ku dhintay ama ku dhaawacmay. Talyaaniga oo is mahdiyey ayaa June
1940 ayaa haddana wuxuu guluf dagaal ku qaaday Ingriiskii xukumayey waqooyiga Soomaaliya, isaga oo markaas watay ciidamo
Soomaaliyeed oo fara badan, kuwaas oo uu ka soo qortay bariga Soomaaliya. Dagaalkaas wuxuu keenay in Ingriiska laga raacdeeyo
goboladaas waqooyo. Talyaaniguna wuxuu markaas fursad u helay inuu Dhamaan dhulka Soomaaliyeed gacanta kuwada dhigo, marka laga
reebo Djibouti iyo NFD. Ingriiska oo markale soo rogaal celiyey isagoo isna wata ciidamo u badan Kenyaan, Ugandhees iyo Asian ah ayaa
Talyaaniga dhamaan kawada qabsaday Geeska Afrika bilowgii sannadkii 1941.

Gumeysigii Yurub Soomaalida wuxuu u keenay inuu hub isugu dhiibo oo ay u dagaalamaan qolo dano gaara ku heysata Gumeysiga iyo kuwa
diidan, sidoo kale waxaa waxaa soo galay cuduro aan horay loo aqoon sida Jabtada, Isfiilitada, iyo kuwo kale ee la xiriira cdudurada
dhalmada. Kumanaan Soomaali ah ayaa ku geeriyoodey wax gumeysiga u hiillinayay iyo kuwa ka soo horjeeday. Odayaashii Soomaaliyeed
ma aysan la saan qaadi Karin tabtii ay maleegayeen reer gumeystayaashii reer Yurub, waayo aqoon iyo farsamaba way ka horeeyeen.
Odayaasha kama ahayan hanti ak qaata gumeysytayaasha oo dhulka gaalo gacanta u geliya kama ahayn, waxaynan fahmin waxaa looga
jeedo “maxmiyad”. Waayo waxaad ka garaneysaa marka ay ku doodayaan inaan laga tala warsan maamulka ku aaddanaa dalkooda iyo
dadkooda iyo heshiisyada ay wadamadaas la geleen dalal kale iyagoo ka wakiila danaha dadka la xukumayo.

Halgankii Madaxbanaanida

Ingriiska oo gacanta ku dhigay dhulka Soomaalida oo dhan marka laga reebo Djibouti oo gacanta ugu jirtey Fransiiska ayaa dagaalkii 2aad
ee adduunka kadib maamul military Ingriisa ku xukumay Soomaalida. Wuxuu Muqdisho ka sameeyey maamukaas milateri 26dii February
1941, wuxuuna sameeyey ciidamo Soomaaliyeed oo loo yaqaan Ilaalda. Walaaca ugu weyn oo uu qabey Ingriisku waxey ahayd sidii uu
Soomaalida uga dhigi lahaa hubka faraha badan oo ay ka kala heliin labdii dagaal adduun weyne ka dhacay, uuna u soo celin lahaa kala
dambeynta iyo ku dhaqanka sharciga. Ingriiska wuxuu ku guuleystay inuu isbedel ku abuuro bulshada iyo siyaasda Soomaalida. Wuxuuna
abuuray dugsiyo waxbarasho, adeegyo caafimaad, horumarinta adeega beeraha iyo daryeelka beeraleyda. Wuxuu ogolaaday in Soomaalida
ay buuxiso jagooyinka hoose ee maamulka iyo ciidamadaba oo idil. Wuxuu kaloo ku bedeley caaqiladii uu Talyaanigu soo dortay kuwo ay
qabiildu soo xushan iyo aqoon yahano Soomaaliyeed oo wada maamulka degmooyinka iyo magaalooyinka.

Markii dagaalkii 2aad ee addunka looga adkaaday dowladii Fashistaha Talyaaniga ayaa Muqdisho waxaa ka soo baxay kooxo Talyaaniya oo
afkaartoodu ku saleysan tahay mabaadii’da Hantiwadaaga, kuwaas oo jaraaidka iyo raadiyaasha adduunka aad ula socdey, una badnaa
dad ka soo baxay jaamacadaha Talyaaniga oo ka soo cararay caburinta kelitaliskii Musellini. Ingriiska wuxuu kooxahaas Talyaaniga u
ogolaaday iney abaabushaan xisibiyo siyaasadeed kuwaas oo la socdey kuwa ka abuurmay Talyaaniga. Kooxahaas aqoonyahankaa waxey
saameyn ku yeesheen dhalinyaradii Soomaaliyeed ee guryaha uga shaqeyneysay oo luqada ku hadli yaqaana laakiin aan aqrin karin
wararka jaraaidka ama aan aqoon u lahayn radiyaasha ugu waaweyn caalamka. Sidoo kale waxey kooxahaas saameyn ku yeesheen
shaqaalihii rayidka Soomaaliyeed oo ka shaqeynayey xaafisyada maamulka dowlada. Waxey kooxahaas soo akhrisan jireen jaraaidka
caalamka, waxeyna soo dhageysan jireen wararka raadiyaasha caalamka, markaas ayey u tabin jireen saaxibadooda Soomalliyeed. Ingriiskii
wuxuu daremay in Ururada Talyaaniga, iyo kuwa Carabta ay u ololeynayaan soo noqoshada Talyaaniga, mararka qaarna ay si xoogan uga
hor imaanayaan xukunka Ingriiska. Ingriiska waxey dantu biday inuu xulufeysto Soomaalida, wuxuuna ku dhiiri geliyey Soomaalida iney
sameystaan xisibiyo siyaasadeed.

Aasaaskii Ururkii SYL

Dhalinyarada Soomaaliyed ee xiligaas ma aysan lahayn wax aqoona oo ay ka barteen hab waxbarasho, laakiin waxey iskood isku barteen
sida loogu hadlo luqada Ingriiska, Talyaaniga iyo Carabiga. Waxeyna intooda badan ku shaqeysan jireen turjubaan ama iney ka adeegaan
xaafiisyada, guryaha iyo ganasiga gumeysteyaasha. Sidaasna dhalinyaro badan waxey ku kasban jireen kalsoonida gumeysteyaasha,
waxeyna inta badan heli jireen wararka sirta iyo la socodka waxa ka dhacaya dunida inteeda kale. Talyaanigu wuxuu ku dadaalay inuu
Soomaalida ka cuuryaamiyo dhinaca aqoonta iyo dhaqaalaha si aysan u haweysan is xukun. Waxaa kaloo Talyaanigu uu ku hayey
Soomaalida xukun adag oo aan u ogoleyn iney wax abaabulaan ama ay wax horumar leh ay ku sameystaan. Wuxuuna arrimahaas u
adeegsan jirey boolis Soomaliyeed iyo odayaasha dhaqanka oo gumeysgu naas nuujin jirey, kuwaas oo wixii wararka gudaha u soo tebin
jirey. Markii Talyaaniga laga saaray koofurta, dhalinyaradaas waxey dareentay nefis ay ku kulmi karaan oo ay afkaar isku weydaarsan
karaan.

Sannadkii 1942 ayey dhalinyaradii waxgaradka ahyad bilaabeen wadatashiyo ku saabsan adduunka mowjadaha siyaasadeed oo wadama
badan ka kacsanaa, waxeyna is tuseen iney sidaas oo kale dalkooda mowjado gumeysi diid ah uga kiciyaan. Kulamadoodi wuxuu jiitamay
waqti dheer waayo waxaa aad u yareyd is aaminka, waxaana adkaa sidii loo kala saari gumeysi la jireenka iyo xornima u dirirka ee
dagaalamaya madaxbanaanida Soomaaliyeed. Ugu dambeystii waxaa la is tusay in dhalinyaro kooban oo is aaminsan is xulato, sidaasna
waxaa isku xushay koox dhalinyaro ah oo gaareysa 13 xubnood waxeyna ku shireen Xamar 13 Maajo 1943. Dahallinyaraasi waxeyna is
tuseen barnaamijka ururkooda oo aan lahayn qorshe siyaasadeed oo xambaarsan fikrado culus. Ururka waxaa hor boodayey karaani
magaciisu ahaa Cusmaan Yaasiin oo ka soo jeeda gobolada Bari, wuxuuna ururka u xushay dad isaga uu la lahaa gacan saar, wuxuuna
madax uga dhigay shaqsiyaad aan ka soo jeedin qabiilada waaweyn, isaguna wuxuu isku magacaabay xoghayaha guud. 15 Maajo 1943
ayey ogolaasho ka dalbadeen Ingriiska, isla maalintiina Ingriisku wuxuu siiyey ruqsada ururkooda la magic baxay naadiga dhlainyarada
Soomaaliyeed (Somali Youth League). Ingriisku si uu u xoojiyo ururkaas wuxuu ku soo biiriyey aqoon yahankii Soomaaliyeed ee xukuumad
iyo ciidankaba ku jirey, taasna waxey dhalisay in ururkii uu magaciisu soo shaac baxo. Si kastaba ha ahaate ururku wax horumara ma gaarin
4 sanno, waxaana la is tusiyey in qabiilada waaweyn ay hogaanka ururka wax ka qabtaan si waxqabad loogu tilaabsado, waxaana la isla
gartay inu jagada xooghayaha guud loo dhiibo Mudane Cabdulaahi Ciise Maxamuud oo markaas heystey Hamar Youth Club, Beldweynana u
fadhiyey faraca ururka dhalinyarada Soomaaliyeed. Cabdulaahi Ciise si naftihurinimo leh ayuu Soomaalida daacadnimo ugu shaqeeyey
wuxuuna ku guuleystey biishii Maajo 1947 im magaca ururka laga dhigo xisbi siyaasiya una halgamaya madax banaanida dhulka
Soomaaliyeed oo dhan, doonayana in Soomaalida waxbarasho casriya la siiyo. Mudane Cabdullaahi Ciise dadaal weyn u galay inuusan
xisbigu ku shaqeyn qabyaalad ama madahab gaara ah, wuxuuna ka furay xisbiga dhamaan dhulalka Soomaaliyeed. Mudane Cabduulaahi
Ciise fikradha uu soo kordhiyey waxaa ka mid ahaa inaan Talyaaniga loo soo celin Soomaalida. Waayo Talyaanigu aad ayuu u maamul
xumaa, iyo in halganku uu ahaado mid siyaasadeed iyo mideynta Soomaaliweyn in lagu doono si nabada ah.

Shirkii Potsdam oo dhacay sannadkii 1945 ayna qabteen wadamadii ku guuleystey dagaalkii 2aad ee adduunka, waxey soo saareen in
Talyaaniga lagala wareego dhulalkii uu gumeysanayey ayna ku jiraan gacanta xulafada oo ka koobneyd Mareykanka, Ruushka, Fransiiska iyo
Ingriiska. Ingriiska oo la dhacsanaa afkaarta xisbiga Leegada ayaa wuxuu soo jeediyey in Soomaalida dhulkeeda oo dhan hal wadan loo
wada dhiibo, uuna jeclaan lahaa in isaga lagu aamino. Aragtidaas waxaa diidey dowladihii kale oo u arkayey Ingriisku inuu tiisa keliya
fushanayo. Mareykanku wuxuu difaacayey Ethiopia oo u balan qaaday saldhig ciidan iney dalkeeda ka siiso Mareykanka, Ruushku wuxuu
dareensanaa iney dabeylo hantiwadaaga ka dhacayaan wadanka Talyaaniga, wuxuuna taageersanaa in la soo celiyo maamulkii Talyaaniga,
Faransiiska isagoo naceyb soo jiitamayey u qabey Ingriiska. Wuxuu kaloo daneynayey in Talyaaniga la soo celiyo.

Sannadkii 1945 ayaa boqorkii Xabashida Haile Selassie wuxuu codsaday in isaga dhulka Soomaalida oo dhan lagu soo wareejiyo. Xulafadii
go’aan mideysan way wada gaari waayeen, waxeyna go’aansadeen arrinta in loo gudbiyo golaha guud ee UNka. Goluhu wuxuu soo diray
wafdi xaqiiqoraadin ah oo yimid Xamar 11kii Janaayo 1948, waxeyna Leegadii codsatay in loo ogolaado iney sameeyaan banana bax ay ku
muujinayaan taageradooda. Waxaa dadaalka Leegada carqalad ku noqday kooxo Taliyaaniya, oo ay wehliyeen Carab iyo dhuuniqaatayaal
Soomaaliyeed oo dhan ka soo wada jeeday. Halkaasna waxaa ka dhacay iska horimaad uu ku dhexmaray Soomaalida iyo Talyaaniga,
waxaana goobtaas ku dhintay 51 Talyaaniya iyo 24 Soomaaliya. Dadka Leegada laga diley waxaa ka mid ahayd gabadhii Soomaaliyeed oo
magaceedu ahaa Xaawo Cusmaan Taako. Wafdigii xaqiiqoraadinta waxey warbixin ka dhageysteen saddex kooxood: leegadu waxey
codsatay in guddi ka kooban afarta quwadood ee ku adkaaday Dagaalkii 2aad loo dhiibo Soomaalida mudo dhan 10 sanno. Aden Zoppe oo
horkacayey ururka Xisbiya ayaa soo jeediyey in Talyaaniga la soo celiyo dalkana loo dhiibo mudo 30 sanadooda. Kooxda saddexaad waxey
ka koobnayeen Talyaani iyo Soomaali isku jira ah waxeyna codsadeen in la soo celiyo maamulkii Talyaaniga. Wafdigii waxey qateen fikradii
Leegada laakiin afartii wadan oo waaweyneed waa diideen. Ingriiskii ma dooneyn in Soomali darted uu ula dagaalamo xulafadiisa, wuxuuna
ka niyad jabay markii aysan SYL aysan codsan in Ingriiska loo dhiibo dhulka Soomali oo dhan. Sebtember 1948 ayey Mareykanka iyo
Fransiisku waxey shir ugu qabteen Paris si ay Ingriiska u ogoleysiiyaan inuu aqbalo in Soomalida loo dhiibo Talyaaniga, arrintaasna waa uu
ka yeelay. Ethiopia waxey cadaadis ku saartay Ingriiska iyadoo u soo mareysa Mareykanka in Howd iyo Galbeedka Soomaliya uu gacanteeda
ku soo wareejiyo. Waxey kaloo Ethiopia ay bilowday iney Soomaalida ku hubeyso Ingriiska ayna ku noqdaan shufto si Ingriiska uu uga baxo
dhulkaas. Dhibaato muddo dheer soo jiitameysey kadib ayaa wasiirkii arrimaha dibeda Ingriisku oo ahaa Mr. Bevin wuxuu dhulkaas u
gacangeliyey Xabashida Oktoober 1948, ka dib markii ay Xabashida sinnaba u diidey iney ka tanaasusho sheegashada dhulkaas. Wuxuuna
siiyey lacag laaluusha madaxdii qabiilada Soomaaliyeed wuxuuna uu ku magac bixiyey magdhowgii dagaalada oo ay Soomaalidu u taqaan (
Vechio Militare).

Waxaa New York ka bilowday Sebtember 1949 kalfadhigii golaha loo dhan yahay ee Qaramada midoobey oo ay hor boodayaan wadamadii
ku guuleystey Dagaalkii 2aad ee Aduunka oo intooda badan gumeysta wadamo kale.Talyaanigu wuxuu beerdulucsi la galay UNka wakiiladii
dalalka kale u fadhiyey wuxaana si gaara uga dhaadhiciye wadamada Carabta in Liibaya xoriyad dhaqso u siinayo haddii ay u codeeyaan in
maamulkiisa lagu celiyo Soomaaliya, sidoo kale wadamada Yurub wuxuu ku beerdulucsaday iney hanti badan ka gashay Soomaliya uuna
yaqaano sida loola dhaqmo dadkaas. Waxey Leegadu ka war heshay in wadamada xooga weyn ay doonayaan in la soo celiyo xukunkii
talyaaniga. 5tii Oktoobar 1949 ayey Leegadu ku sameysay mudaharaad ka dhan ah Talyaaniga oo Soomaalidu kadib u bixisay Dhaxtuur,
waxaana meesha isla markiiba yimid booliska Ingriiska kuna amray leegada iney kala dareeraan, waxaana loogu jawaabey dhagax tuurya
ah ee askartii lala beegsaday. Askartiina waxey furtay rasaas ay ku dhaawacday qiyaasta 50 qofood disheyna laba Soomaaliya. Meesha
waxaa Ingriiskii aga dhaawacantay afar askari, dadka meeshaas ku dhaawacmay waxaa ka mid ahaa Mudane Abshir Kaahiye oo ahaa
dhallinyaradii horkacaysay muda-haraadka maalintaa loo yaqaan Dhagaxtuurka.

21 November 1949 ayaa waxaa codbixin UNka u qaaday arrinta Soomaalida, waxaana codku u batay in Talyaani uu soo noqdo.
Cabdulaahi Ciise oo markaas joogey New York wakiilna ka ahaa xisbiga Leegada waxaa ku dhacay argagax iyo qaadashawaa iyo inaan
Taladoodii haba yaratee aan la tixgelin. Wareysi uu Mudane Cabdullahi Ciise bixiyey wuxuu si kulul u cambaareeyey sida looga hiileyey
xuquuqdooda loona taageeray siyaasadii ay wada jirka u wateen labada wasiir ee arrimaha dibeda ee dalalka Ingriiska iyo Talyaaniga oo
kala ahaa Mr. Bevin iyo Signor Sforza. Wuxuuna sidoo kale muujiyey kooxihii carabta ee Soomaalidu isku haleyneysay sida ay Talyaaniga
dano hoose ula meel dhigteen bedelkeedna Soomaalida ugu gacan geliyeen.

21 November 1949, ayuu isla markiiba Talyaanigu ku soo noqday Soomaaliya, wuxuuna isla markiiba bilaabay inuu caburiyo Leegada isaga
oo uga aargoosanaya diidmadooda ay diideen soo noqoshada maamulka Talyaaniga. Intii talyaanigu xukumayey dalka koofureed dad
badan oo ka tirsanaa ururka Leegada way isaga carareen dalka, waxeyna galeen wadamada Soomaaliya deriska. Mudane Cabdulaahi Ciise
wuxuu ashtako u tegey New York sannadkii 1953, waxaana loo ogolaaday inuu ka hadlo golaha loo dhan yahay ee Qaramada Midoobey
(UN). Mudunuhu wuxuuna jeediyey qudbad dheer oo uu kaga cabanayo cadaadiska maamulka Talyaaniga uu ku hayo xisbiga Leegada oo
ka midka yihiin: dil, caburin iyo xoriyad ka qaad. Wuxuuna sheegay in Talyaanigu uu damacsan yahay inuu sii dheereysto mudadii loo qabtay
isaga oo Talyaanigu aan dadka Soomaaliyeed waxba barayniin si uu qiil ugu helo ineysan Soomaalidu is xukumi Karin, yihiina dad sabool ah.
Sidoo kale wuxuu ka dhawaajiyey inuusan Talyaanigu diyaar u ahayn inuu Soomaalida u diyaariyo sidii ay dalkooda u maamuli lahaayeen,
taasna uu ka door biday inuu heshiis la galo shirkada qoda batroolka iyadoon Soomaalida waxba lagala socodsiin. Mudane Cabdulaahi
Cabdullahi Ciisse wuxuu kaloo carabka ku dhuftay in Talyaaniga uu joojiyo qeybinta uu ku hayo koofurta Soomaalida oo uu Talyaanigu
doonayo in uu qeybiyo saddex dal oo yar oo ay kala xukumaan Hawiye, Majeerteen, iyo Raxanweyn, wuxuu kaloo soo bandhigay in
Talyaaniga meeshii uu wax ka bari lahaa dhalinta Soomaaliyeed ee loo baahnaa iney dalkooda aqoon ku xukumaan uu doorbiday
magacaabista odayaal dhaqameed maskaxdoodu ku weyntahay qabiilka. Wuxuu kaloo codsaday in calanka Soomaalida loo ogolaado in la
saaro ka hor xoriyada waana laga yeelay. Talyaaniga waxaa golahaas ka raacday sharafdarro iyo ceeb. Waxeyna goluhu isku raaciin
inuusan Talyaanigu waqtigii loo qabtay inuu Soomaalida ku gaarsiiyo xoriyad aan loo kordhineynin. Mudane Cabdulaahi Ciise oo guul badan
xambaarsan ayaa ku soo noqday dalkii, waxuuna uu saaray calanka Soomaalida 12 Oktoober 1954. Isla sannadkaas waxaa la qabtay
doorashooyinkii dowladaha hoose, waxaana aqlabiyad ku guuleystay Leegada.

Markaas wixii ka dambeysey Talyaanigu waa quustay, wuxuuna isbedel ku sameeyey siyaasadissa oo uu ku kordhiyey inuu soo dhoweeyo
Leegada. 29 kii February 1956, waxaana loo doortay raiisulwasere mudane cabdulaahi Ciise oo dalka gaarsiiyey xoriyad buuxda 1dii July
1960 halkaas oo ay ku dhalatay jamhuuriyadii Soomaalida. Mudane Cabdulaahi intuu hayey hogaanka dalka wuxuu soo bandhigay
dastuurka Leegada ee lagu dhaqayo Soomaalida kaas oo ay ka mid ahaayeen in Soomaalida meel kasta oo ay joogta iney leeyihiin xuquuda
muwaadinka ee Jamhuuriyada Soomaaliya, sidoo kale waxey dalbadeen in Soomaalida ku hoos nool gumeysiga loo ogolaado iney
ayaahooda ka tashadaan. Markii dalkii xoroobey waxaa hogaanka dalka qabtay Leegadii oo uu hogaaminayo Aden Cabdulle Cusman (Adan
Cadde) oo madax ka ahaa golihii baarlamaanka, waxeyna dowladihii Soomaalida ay af la garab istaageen NFD iyo Somaalida Galbeed
degaanadaas oo si gaara loogu tala galay idaacado gaara oo dadka ku baraarujiya iney u halgamaan aayahooda. Taasina waxey ku kaliftay
in Kenya iyo Ethiopia ay wadagalaan heshiis difaac oo ay uga soo horjeedaan Soomaliya. February 1964 ayaa waxaa dagaal uu dhexmaray
xabashida iyo Soomaalida kadib markii ay Xabashidu duulaan cirkaa ku soo qaaday degmooyin ka tirsan gudaha Soomaaliya, saddex bil
kadibna dagaalkaas waxaa joojiyey dhexdhexaadin ka timid Sudan iyo OAU.

Ilaa iyo Xilligan la joogo itoopiya waxay wadaa xadgudub iyo faragelin joogta ah ay ku wiiqeyso jiritaanka umadda Soomaaliyeed. Hase
yeeshee dadka Soomaaliyeed oo is diin, dhaqan, af intuba wadaagaan ayaa meel qura kaga soo wada jeedo difaaca iyo jiritaanka
gobanimada Soomaaliyeed.

Italian Somaliland

June 22, 2007 at 7:20 pm | In New Book | 1 Comment

SOMALIA – Past & Present Chapter 7: Italian Somaliland

Italy started colonisation of Africa around 1885. By then Britain and France were already in the North of Somalia. The coast of Benadir, the port of Kisimayo, Brava, Merca, Mogadishu and Warsheikh were the dependencies of the Sultan of Zanzibar. The rest of the territories were divided among the various Somali tribes. The sovereignty of the Sultan of Zanzibar over these ports was recognized by Germany, France and Great Britain in June 1886.

The Italian intervention began with the signing of the commercial treaty of 28 May 1885, precisely few weeks after the Italian occupation of Massawa on 5 February of the same year, when the ship Barbarigo was sent to Zanzibar for the purpose of visiting the coastal territories which were under the Sultan and to explore the outlet of Giuba River.

1| On 17 March 1886 in London the German Ambassador Count Hatzfeldt verbally informed the British Foreign Office that on 6 September 1885 the German East African Company had signed a treaty with the principal Chief of the Mijerteyn Somalis, the Sultan Osman Mahamoud Youssouf at Alula. Under this treaty the whole Somali territory from the east of the town of Berbera to Cape (Ras) Asurad was ceded to the German company. The representative of the company had also signed a treaty with the Sultan Yussuf Ali Yussuf, the Ruler of the Somali town of Obbia (Hobbiah), whereby the company acquired the entire territory between Obbia and the town of Warshaikh with all the sovereign rights. The territory belonged to the Sultan of Zanzibar and was on the one side between the Indian Ocean and the Galla frontier and about twenty-five days’ journey inland on the other. Count Hatzfeldt informed that on the strength of these treaties, the German East African Company had asked the German Government to undertake the Protectorate over the Somali coast, and make sure that no encroachment by England was made on their rights.

Four months later, Sultan Yusuf Ali visited Aden and met with the British Consul, Major F.M. Hunter. The latter discussed with the Sultan about the agreement German claimed to have concluded with the Mijerteyn Chief. During the meeting the two sides discussed bilateral agreement. Afterward the British official reported to his Government that Sultan Yusuf Ali made the following statement:

“I was not present when the agreement was made between Sultan Osman and the German, but I have seen the Arabic copy.
“I do not recollect what the preamble said as to the actual parties making the agreement, whether it was on behalf of themselves or of their Governments.

“The substance was that the German were to be allowed to trade and were entitled to protection; the consideration was 1,000 dollars payable to the Sultan and 1,000 dollars to myself annually. There was no mention of sovereignty or territorial rights, or flag. When the second time the Germans came I was present; they asked for the Sultan’s flag to fly on their boat for protection. They also wanted to build a house and fly their own flag over it. Both these requests were refused. We have not received any portion of the annual stipend, but we have accepted presents of cloth.

“Since I arrived at Aden, I visited the German Agent Max Winter here and showed him the paragraph from the “Standard” about his Company having annexed the Somali country from near Berbera to Warsheikh; he declared he knew nothing of any such intimation having been published.”

The British themselves claimed to have already established contact with the Chiefs of the Mijerten and signed agreement with the Chief of Alula in March 1879. In October 1880, Acting Political Resident, Aden, Major G.R. Goodfellow, was sent to Alula to deliver the ratified copy of the agreement to Sultan Yusuf Ali. But the Sultan was out of town.

In a letter to C. Gonne, Chief Secretary to Government of Bombay, dated Aden Residency, 15 October 1880, Major Goodfellow reported:

“I regret to say that in consequence of the Sultan’s absence from Mareyeh, in the interior, his representatives there would not receive the treaty, or amount of subsidy due, from Commander Byle, R.N. A local copy of the Convention was delivered to Yousuf Ali, who accepted it. A sum of dollars 150 was expended in presents, for which the sanction of Government is solicited.”

On 16 January 1883, Brigadier-General J. Blair, V.C., British Political Resident at Aden, wrote the following letter to the Sultan Othman Mahmoud:

“It is not hid from you, oh, friend, that in March 1879 you and the other Chiefs of the Mijerteyn entered into an agreement with Major Goodfellow, and that this agreement has been ratified by the Governor General of India. We now send you our Acting First Assistant Resident, Captain Sealy, who will deliver to you the copy of the ratified agreement.
“It is also known to you that the arrears of the stipend mentioned in the said agreement are due to you and Captain Sealy is authorized to pay you the same, amounting to 720 dollars, to March 1882.”

The British official also said:

“You will also recollect that the Great Government was pleased with your kind treatment of the crew of the wrecked steamer Fleur Castle, last year, and we have much pleasure to informing you that Captain Sealy is commissioned to deliver to you 500 dollars, which the Great Government desires to give you as a mark of appreciation of the services rendered by you on that occasion. This is quite separate from the payment mentioned in the agreement.

“We rely on your friendship to meet the wishes of the Great Government in the above matters. May you be preserved”.
Sultan Osman Mohamud sent a letter dated 19 February 1883 to the British Political Resident in which he said:

“We received your kind letter, and the same day we visited Captain Sealy, on which occasion he delivered to us 500 dollars, which the Government had ordered to be given to us as recompense for the treatment shown by us to the steamer wrecked at Ras Asir.

“As regards the agreement, we are willing to agree to all terms in it except the lighthouse. God willing, we will send some men to you on our behalf. On meeting together we will converse and salutation.”

Three years later in 1889, the German Government asked the British Government for the permission to recruit, within the British Protectorate on the Somali Coast, a small force of as it said of blacks that were indented to serve as police in the territories of the German Company at Zanzibar. But the British considered it “extremely undesirable to accustom the Somalis to the use of firearms.”

The British Political Resident at Aden, Brig. General A.G.F. Hogg, reported in a letter dated 24 April 1889 that in accordance with the instructions received from the Secretary of State for India (Foreign Office, London) September last, the Italians were permitted to enlist Somalis for service at Massawah. About 150 men were regularly trained in the use of firearms during the last six months, and have now been sent back to Aden.

The Political Resident argued: “If foreign nations are thus permitted to train the Somalis to the use of firearms, and then send them back to their own country, most undesirable results will ensue; and I trust that future permission may be refused to any foreign nation for their enlistment as soldiers of Somalis within our Protectorate.”

“Possession by the Arabs of rifles, is becoming very common indeed, and if Somalis receive a military training, they are certain to use every endeavour to obtain possession of firearms which are now almost unknown in their country”, he said.

At the end of 1888, the Sultan of Obbia requested Italy for protection. The “Acceptance Act” was signed in Obbia on 8 February 1889 by Italian Consul Cavaliere V. Filonardi and Sultan Yusuf Ali. With this treaty all the possession of the Sultan from El-Marek to Ras Auad passed under the protection of the Government of Italy. Italian Foreign Minister Rudini informed the Italian Parliament that the treaty of protection placed the Sultan and his possessions under the protection of the Italian Government, undertaking not to make, without the consent of the latter, treaties or contracts with any other Government or person whatever. In compensation, an annuity of 1,200 dollars was granted to Sultan Yusuf Ali Yusuf.

The Minister told the Parliament, “Being a region bordering the sea, the Protectorate over the Sultanate of Obbia was notified to the Powers in the telegram of the 3 March and the Circular of the 11 May 1889, according to Article XXXIV of the General Act of the Berlin Conference.”

The Sultan of the Mijerteyn reached an agreement with Italy on 7 April 1889 at Bender Alula. The Agreement placed under the Italian protection the Sultan’s possession on the Indian Ocean from Ras Auad to Ras el Kyle, including Nogal Valley, promising that he would not enter into further treaties with other Powers for the remaining territories in his possession.
The Acts relative to this Protectorate were ratified on 7 April 1889. They bear on the part of the Italian Government the signatures of Cavaliere Filonardi and the Commanders of the Royal ships Rapido and Staffetta and the other contracting party emissary of Sultan Osman Mahmud.

3 The way the colonial powers acted showed that they consulted with each other well before taking over a territory. They decided among themselves which power takes what. Before taking over the Somali territory, the Italian Government asked the British whether they had any objection to the Italian occupation. The British Secretary of State informed the British Viceroy in India on 3 January 1889 that Italy “proposes to occupy or protect territories from eastern limit of British protectorate of the Somali Coast as far as the border of Zanzibar and asked whether “India (British Authority) has anything to say against the proposal.” The answer came within two days saying that, “They had no objection.”

Italy took possession of the Somali territories on the coast of Benadir from the Sultan of Zanzibar through a treaty signed on 12 August 1892 and it was presented before the Italian Parliament by the Minister of Foreign Affairs on 1 June 1896 and was approved as Law No. 373 of 11 August 1896.
Article I of the Treaty stated;

“the Government of H.M. the Sultan of Zanzibar accords to the Government of H.M. the King of Italy, all the ports which he possesses on the cities and ports of Benadir namely Brava, Merka and Mogadishu, with a radius towards the interior of 10 maritime miles, Warshaikh, a radius of 5 maritime miles, besides the islands and the nearby small islands, to be administered politically and juridically in the name of the Government of H.M. the Sultan of Zanzibar and under the protection of his flag; but is agreed that the Government of the H.M. of the Sultan will neither be responsible nor called to regulate the administration or others such as what might come as a result of the conflict of price of blood nor any complain that may arise.”

According to the Treaty, the Italian Government and its representatives had the right to buy and to dispose the public lands only within the limits of the above territories. The Sultan granted to the Italian Government the right to establish a bank or more banks in the cities which were subject of the Convention, with exclusive privilege to issue bank-notes or gold currencies, silver and of copper.
Article VII of the Treaty stated said:

“All the above-mentioned powers, rights and privileges are accorded to H.M. the King of Italy or to his representatives for the period of 25 European years which will start from the day in which the present concession will be approved by the Government of H.M. the Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, the Empress of India and by the H.M. the King of Italy.” At the end of the 25 years the agreement was renewable for the same period and on the same conditions and with a simple declaration to this effect by the Government of the King of Italy.

By Article VIII Italy pledged to pay to the Sultan of Zanzibar the sum of 40,000.- Rupees as initial payment when the Italian administration took over the ports, the cities and the territories. At the expiry of each quarter of the European year a sum of Rupees 40,000 was to be paid.
On 10 October 1892 the Sultan of Obbia wrote to Filonardi, the architect of the Italian colonial administration in Somalia:
“We inform that this year we have been abandoned and there was no steamboat that has come to us, as it was the practice.
Nobody has brought to us the woods and we have neither food nor cartridges.

There was a serious war this year. The inhabitants of the desert have rebelled against us and there was a fighting in which some of ours have been killed.

After the departure of the steamboat Esfita we hoped some one would come from your side, but until now nobody came.
On the date of this letter Abu Bakr bin Auad has arrived bringing to us the payment of the year 1891.

We hope you will help us with food and the supply of war material, because we are under your protection and your flag.
We would not think that you have abandoned us.

Now we wish your arrival together with what we have requested. Abu Bakr bin Auad will give full information.

We hope that you come soon; this year to negotiate together.
Now we have two countries: Obbia and Fil Hur and we have many soldiers different than before.

Those of our friends killed are 11.

Our saia (boat) has broken down this year at Obbia with some of our properties on board. We need money and we are without boat. You are our friend and we do not know other Christians besides you, and we defend your flag..

On October 19, 1892 (27 Rabi El Aual, 1310), the Sultan of Majerteyn, Osman Mohamud Jusuf, similarly wrote the following letter from Alula, to Signor Filonardi:

“Since long we have not seen you and we have a great desire to see you.

You are our friend and we do not know why you have abandoned us.

The steam boat Esfita has arrived this year, but without you. Now we hope to have the pleasure of seeing you, because friendship and affection exist between us.

Kindly bring to us the rifles and the cartridges of which we have spoken about with you last year, because the rebellion has increased around us. We expect assistance from you because you are our friend and you will do it.

On the date of this (letter) Abu Bakr has arrived here bringing to us the salary of the year; we have recommended him to give detailed information.

When you come here we will understand each other.

We want barut (gun powder) for the ofiat, the seats and the other furniture.

We wish to construct a stone house in your name. For you we wish to work and we shall agree at which site the house will be built.

The tone of these two letters show that instead of behaving like Sultans that they were, they wrote like humble subordinates begging for money, guns and bullets for use against those who were opposed to their rule. They even offered themselves to work for Filonardi who was just a junior officer. The Italians were behaving like the Lords of the land. In July 1893 Filonardi issued a bank note for the denomination of Rupees 5……continued

Abyssinian Somaliland

June 22, 2007 at 7:19 pm | In New Book | 1 Comment

SOMALIA – Past & Present Chapter 6: Abyssinian Somaliland

King Menelik sent the following a circular on 10 April 1891 to European Heads of State in which he outlined the boundaries he claimed for his empire: “While tracing today the actual boundaries of my Empire, I shall endeavour, if God gives me life and strength, to re-establish the ancient frontier (tributaries) of Ethiopia up to Khartoum, and as far as Lake Nyanza with all the Gallas.”

To seek a favourable response for his claim, he underlined his Christian credentials. He wrote, “Ethiopia has been for fourteen centuries a Christian island in a sea of Pagans. If Powers at distance come forward to partition Africa between them, I do not intend to be an indifferent spectator.”

“As the almighty has protected Ethiopia up to this day, I have confidence He will continue to protect her and increase her borders in the future. I am certain He will not suffer her to be divided among other Powers.

“Formerly the boundary of Ethiopia was the sea. Having lacked strength sufficient and having received no help from Christian Powers, our frontier on the sea coast fell into the power of the Mussulman”, Menelik said.

“At present we do not intend to regain our sea frontier by force, but we trust that the Christian Powers, guided by our Saviour, will restore to us our sea-coast line at any rate, certain points on the coast.”

1 Menelek presented himself as the defender of the Faith in Africa against the possible designs of the Muslims. It would appear that his plea struck sympathetic cord in the hearts of some Europeans. His plan received support from European Governments. Rennell Rodd openly justified and encouraged King’s claim that his country too should have its share of the African territories to be divided among the colonial powers.
In a report to the Government, Rodd said: “It will be enough here to state that it has become sufficiently effective to make it an extremely difficult task to negotiate with a King, who, fully confident that his pretensions had been made publicly known and had remained undisputed; confident, moreover, that, as a Christian African Power, his claims to a sphere of influence were better founded than those of Powers whose seat of Government is in another continent.”
On 8 December 1885 King John of Abyssinia told Queen Victoria among other things: “The Kings of England before Queen Victoria, and the rest of the Christian Kings of the world, were friendly with the Abyssinians, and waged war against the Moslems to convert to Christianity; but they never interfered with the Abyssinians because they were Christians. I have said this openly and frankly to you because we are Christians, and have confidence in each other.” Time has changed, people have changed, but the guiding principle of Abyssinia remains the same.

Britain had signed protection treaties with the Somalis in the last quarter of the 19th century, but even then it had no intention of defending the Somali people or risk the lives of their citizens for the Somali territories. The British officials were concerned some of them pondered what they would do if the Abyssinians decided to give effect to their claim. W. Lee Warner, an official in the Political and Secret Department of India Office, contended in a report dated 25 November 1896, that the British established Civil Criminal Courts on the Coast, rebuilt Berbera in 1888, fortified the ports, erected jails and “in many effective ways established ourselves. “Our garrison consists of barely 200 men scattered about.” Le Warner argued, “We have no force at Aden or on the coast which can resist Abyssinian incursions. If we remain, the settlement of our limits with Abyssinia seems an urgent and immediate necessity. If we retire, we had better do so in accordance with settled plan and without unnecessary appearance of compulsion. The failure of Italy to hold her African protectorate without collusion with Abyssinia has its lessons”.

Lee-Warner’s suggestion was a clear betrayal of the trust that the Somalis bestowed on Britain and a flagrant violation of the treaties signed by them which created the British Protectorate. In all the protectorate treaties signed by the Somali Elders of the tribes, there was a clause which prohibited the Somalis to enter into correspondence or treaty with any other foreign power or to cede, or part with, territory. Britain was not bound by that clause, and considered itself free to cede, or sell Somali territories to whomsoever they wished. There were no clauses that prohibited the British “to cede” Somali territories to others, and the Somalis being so ignorant of what would happen in the future, just signed or put their thumb mark on the treaties by which the destiny of their own homeland was to be decided.
Le-Warner said: “If we only want food supplies from the coast, we can still get them without asserting by force our right to the whole of the Protectorate as delimitated with Italy. Three solutions are possible. Events will show which is the best of them:
1. We can abandon not merely Biyo Kaboba actually held by Abyssinian, but also a considerable part of hinterland, retaining the ports.
2. If that will not secure peaceful occupation, we can give Abyssinina one of our ports.
3. If events prove that we cannot remain on the coast without a strong military establishment there, we might retire altogether, making a treaty with Abyssinia that live-stock shall be exported free, that imports and exports from Zaila and Berbera shall not be charged more than the present, and the ports shall not be given to any European power without our leave.
He also said: “The next step, I think, is to follow the precedent of 1877, and address the Foreign Office an enquiry whether:
1. We must deal in this matter with Makunan or with Menelek;
2. We can assign Zaila to Abyssinia, if such surrender seems desirable (a) without further reference to Turkey, (b) without reference to France our neighbour at Jabuti.

To show how much the British cared less about the Somalis and how they wished to appease Abyssinia at the expense of Somalia, the British colonial officer told his government: “As to whether it is fair on the tribes, with whom we have protectorate treaties, to abandon them, that is a question which we must consider ourselves”.

2 Earlier Captain Hunter too argued in a memorandum he sent to his government in 1884 saying: “This Residency has no knowledge of, or concern with, Abyssinian politics; but with France at Tajourra, Turkey at Zeila, and Italy at Assab, Southern Abyssinia will be pretty well dominated by other European powers”. He believed that to prevent this domination by another European Power and to maintain their own Britain could pursue another alternative. He wrote:

“There is one alternative which can be suggested as regards Tajourah and Zeylah, but it is not possible for this Residency to pronounce on its merits. Let Tajourra and Zeylah be offered by the British to King Menelek of Shoa on such conditions as Her Majesty’s Government think suitable. The local tribes, there is reason to believe, would not oppose such a course, and if we do not give Menelek a port, France or Italy will, for Obokh and Assab were acquired, we all think here, principally with the object of treating favourably with the King of Shoa”.

3 This was the bitter fact. The British cared more for the provision for Aden than the Somali people and their territories. They cared for their friendship with the Abyssinians than with the Somalis. However, by sheer luck, the British intention did not materialise, other wise, not only Ogaden, but also a big portion of the Somalia’s northern region would have been today under the Ethiopia rule.

1. Foreign Department, Secret E, October 1891, N.233-249, NAI, New Delhi, India.
2. NAI, Foreign Department, Secret letter N.189, dated 28 October 1896, New Delhi, India
3. NAI, Foreign Department, Letter N.3478, dated Bombay Castle, 4 July 1884, Confidential, New Delhi.

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